The Tragic Hero Of Julius Caesar - 1793 Words

As Caesar dies, he gasps, â€Å"Et tu, Brute?† (III. i. 77). To betray a close friend for the better of the country only to have it end all in vain is a tragedy in its own. For Brutus, this is his journey in Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. Although the play is named after Caesar, it is evident that Brutus is the tragic hero as the audience watches the events of the play unfold. Brutus’s characteristics and actions line up perfectly with Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero which states that the tragic hero must be admirable and of noble birth, possess a tragic flaw known as hamartia, undergo a reversal of fortune known as peripeteia as well as a tragic self-recognition known as anagnorisis, and force the audience to feel a change of emotions through catharsis, in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by Shakespeare. First of all, Brutus’ high rank and admirable qualities coincide with Aristotle s definition of a tragic hero. In the play, Brutus is a highly regarded senator whom has everyone’s trust including Caesar’s. By the cause of his honorable stature, Brutus is loved and admired by everyone in Rome. Although his honor leads him into poor judgement, many people still have trust in him and follow him all the way through the play. Even after he has conspired against his friend Caesar, and dies at the end of the play, his enemies still see him as a noble Roman. After coming upon Brutus’ body, Antony laments, â€Å"This was the noblest Roman of them all/...His life wasShow MoreRelatedJulius Caesar : A Tragic Hero934 Words   |  4 PagesJulius Caesar is a work of art by William Shakespeare in 1599. Within this play Julius Caesar is portrayed as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is defined as â€Å"the main character of a tragedy [who is] usually dignified, courageous, and high ranking† (novel study guide). Also vital to defining a tragic hero is that, â€Å"the hero’s downfall is ca used by a tragic flaw† ( novel study guide). It is very evident that Julius Caesar in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is a tragic hero given that he is of nobleRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Tragic Hero863 Words   |  4 PagesJulius Caesar is a well known piece of literature written by William Shakespeare in 1599. Within this play Julius Caesar is portrayed as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is defined as â€Å"the main character of a tragedy (who is) usually dignified, courageous, and high ranking† (Novel Study Guide). Also vital to defining a tragic hero is that, â€Å"the hero’s downfall is caused by a tragic flaw† (Novel Study Guide). It is evident that Julius Caesar in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is a tragic hero givenRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Tragic Hero1171 Words   |  5 PagesJulius Caesar Julius Caesar, the greatest war hero and most noble of all wanted to be praised by all Roman citizens wanted to achieve power to rule as a king. The play is set in ancient Rome in the year 44 B.C. when the Roman general Julius Caesar was almost ruler of the entire world at the highest point in his career. Within this play Julius Caesar is portrayed as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is defined as â€Å"the main character of a tragedy [who is] usually dignified, courageous, and high ranking†Read MoreJulius Caesar : A Tragic Hero937 Words   |  4 Pages Caesar the Great Julius Caesar is a work of art by William Shakespeare in 1599. Within this play Julius Caesar is portrayed as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is defined as â€Å"the main character of a tragedy [who is] usually dignified, courageous, and high ranking† (novel study guide). Also vital to defining a tragic hero is that, â€Å"the hero’s downfall is caused by a tragic flaw† ( novel study guide). It is very evident that Julius Caesar in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is a tragic hero givenRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Tragic Hero849 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is the story of ancient Rome during the time that Caesar took over. Caesar returns to Rome, after defeating the former leader, Pompey. Cassius and other conspirators convince Brutus, a nobleman, to join in on their plot against Caesar. Brutus and the others gather around Caesar, on the ides of March, to stab him. They stabbed Caesar 23 times and eventually he d ies. Brutus takes over Rome, but followers of Caesar, Antony and Octavius, oppose BrutusRead MoreTragic Hero In Julius Caesar829 Words   |  4 Pages What is a tragic hero? A tragic hero is a person, of noble birth, with heroic potential but doomed by fate. The hero struggles against his fate but eventually fails because of a mistake or even a flaw. In Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, a character may come to mind and fit this definition, Marcus Brutus. In this play, Julius Caesar’s ambition for power drove the honorable Brutus to think negatively about Caesar’s position of being the king of Rome. The honorable Brutus shows hisRead More Julius Caesar - Tragic Hero Essay1028 Words   |  5 Pages Julius Caesar as a Tragic Hero amp;#9;Julius Caesar is a play written by William Shakespeare during the year 1597. Julius Caesar’s story involves a conspiracy against Julius Caesar, a powerful senator. The play involves a highly respected senator, Brutus, who decides to join the conspiracy to kill Julius Caesar, in the effort to keep democracy intact. Brutus believes that if Julius Caesar is allowed to live, Caesar will take a kingship and turn the government into a monarchy. Brutus, CassiusRead MoreJulius Caesar the True Tragic Hero1526 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said â€Å"A man doesn’t become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall.† These words best describe what a â€Å"Tragic Hero† is and both Julius Caesar and Brutus displayed this characteristic, so the question is â€Å"Who is the real tragic hero in this story?† This paper shall explore the reasons behind why each man is considered a hero in his own right and who the rightful owner to the title of the play truly belongs to. There have been countless tragic heroes in the works of William ShakespeareRead MoreJulius Caesar: The Quintessence of a Tragic Hero1156 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is the illustration of the demise of many respectable men. Typical of a tragedy, one character of high social standing experiences numerous downfalls brought on by a character flaw. This character is eventually brought to his or her knees by the misery and sorrow brought upon by these mistakes. It is at this point that the character realizes their flaws and changes their outlook. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, the tragic hero is Julius Caesar. In the play, ShakespeareRead MoreExamples Of Tragic Hero In Julius Caesar905 Words   |  4 Pagesman cannot become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall.† By Shakespearean definition, a tragic hero is someone of high position such as a nobleman, who has hamartia, a tragic flaw that leads to his downfall, and even his demise. This is strongly illustrated in Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, where Marcus Brutus’ desire to remain noble and honourable leads him to naivety and self destruction. The plot of the play revolves around removing power from Caesar, causing the inability

Essay on African American Contributions in Science

African American Contributions in Science Throughout American history many African Americans have been overlooked in the field of science. Some powerful minds and great inventors haven’t been re-introduced to new generations. African Americans have contributed a great deal to the advancements of our country and one of the major fields they have made contributions to is in the field of science. Many successful African Americans have been overshadowed by their Caucasian counterparts. More of our children should be aware of these great historians. African Americans that have made major contributions in the field of science that should be discussed, studied and taught to our society to educate new generations of the vast majority†¦show more content†¦Benjamin Bradley was an inventor, and also was a slave. He made the first steam engine at the age of sixteen with a few materials like a piece of gun barrel and pewter. His master helped him, but would only give him five doll ars out of his wages. Bradley was unable to patent his work under United States law, since during this time period African Americans were not considered to be citizens. Benjamin Bradley later purchased his freedom with the earnings he received from his work. Everyone has heard of the term â€Å"The Real McCoy,† this term refers to the oiling device used for industrial machinery. Elijah McCoy was born in Canada from parents who were former slaves. He returned to the U.S. and settled in Detroit, Michigan. His first invention was a lubricator for steam engines. It was issued on July 12, 1872. The invention helped machines specific parts that remained in motion to stay oiled. This new oiling device helped revolutionize the industrial machine industry. Another great inventor whose inventions made streets safer was Garrett Morgan. Morgan is known for inventing the Gas Mask and the traffic signal. He was the son of former slaves and was born in Paris, Kentucky where he spent his chi ldhood going to school and helping out on the farm. He left Kentucky when he was a teenager and moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in search of other opportunities. Morgan invented a device called the Morgan Safety hood and smoke protector inShow MoreRelatedThe Discourse On The Need For Universities867 Words   |  4 Pagesto contribute to innovation is widespread in African countries and among international organisations. Stakeholders lament the weak contribution of universities to innovation, while at the same time acknowledging the difficulties higher education institutions face. Major international organizations recognize that university-industry collaborations are scarce and weak in most African countries; in addition, they point to a shortage of skills in science and engineering, and university curricula thatRead MoreThe Contributions Of The United States Of America1672 Words   |  7 Pagesfail to realize that many accomplishments come from the African-American women, who are given the least amount of recognition despite their many contributions to society, ranging from minor and major actions. The most unrecognized influential women, are usually found in the STEM category, with their major contributions to some of our most well known and renowned institutions. Dr. Mae Jemison, who became very notable as the first African-American woman to pursue and fulfill her goal of being the firstRead MoreHogwarts Research Paper1201 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Chicago. Heralded as the American Hogwarts. Acclaimed in the news for its Nobel Prize Laureates. Being a leading school in Math, Science, Business, Law, and among other fields. As a personal dream school of my own, the list of acclaimed innovators harking from UChicago seemed endless while I was doing research about the school. Yet, one name in the expansive list caught my eye, for obvious reasons. Jesse Ernest Wilkins, Junior. Recently deceased in May of 2011, Dr. Wilkins has possiblyRead MoreW. E. B. DuBois988 Words   |  4 PagesBerlin. One of his biggest contributions would be founding the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Du Bois achieved many things throughout his life and left a mark on the social sciences and in race relations, but was not satisfied wit h the way things in society were when his life was ending. W.E.B. Du Bois was an important role model of his time for young African Americans and one of the key civil rights leaders of his time. His literary contributions have played a role forRead MoreEssay on Neil Degrasse Tyson1019 Words   |  5 Pageshelped make learning about astronomy appeal to a much bigger audience than most have previously been able to do. He is a very intelligent man and has made many contributions to this world in his lifetime thus far. Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson was born October 5, 1958 in New York City, New York. He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and went on to earn his BA in Physics from Harvard University, his MA in Astronomy from the University of Texas at Austin and his PhD in Astrophysics from ColumbiaRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Black Slave Culture on Early America1133 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of Americas own music, dance, art, and clothing. Music It is understandable that when Africans were torn from their homes and families, lashed into submission , and forced into lifelong slave labor, they would be, on the most part, resentful and angry. Various forms of expression, clandestine yet lucent, developed out of these feelings. One such form was music. Native African music consisted mainly of wind and string melodies punctuated by hand clapping, xylophones, and drum beatsRead MoreDr. Hale Williams Accomplishments901 Words   |  4 Pagesof eulogies that were published in 1931 by the Chicago Defender. The publication was meant to recognize Dr. William’s accomplishments, to inform the African American society that had lost one of its most valued members, and also to inspire young African Americans to take down the barriers of discrimination. During the time period, African Americans faced a great deal of inequality in healthcare, which made the work of Dr. Williams even more significant as he was considered a pioneer in equality ofRead MoreINEZ BEVERLY PROSSER - AFRICAN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST1587 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Inez Beverly Prosser Twentieth Century African American Psychologist Marcus Monteiro PSY 310 May 4, 2014 Professor Sara Molloy Abstract Inez Beverly Prosser (1895-1934), was an African American psychologist of the early twentieth century. Her main focus was on the significance of racism and its effects upon children relative to the obtainment of fair and adequate education. This writing will address the endeavors, perspectivesRead MoreFactors Affecting African American Persistence in the Sciences783 Words   |  3 PagesScience is comprised of fields that investigate the physical and natural world or events dealing with matter, energy, and their interrelations with objectively measurable phenomena (Natural Science). Scientific fields are often subsumed under the umbrella term STEM which stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Historically, STEM fields have been void of diversity and largely dominated by White males, leaving minority’s under-represented (Hines 3). Preserving the integrity ofRead MoreDisproving Misconceptions About Africa1743 Words   |  7 PagesDisproving Misconceptions about Africa Africa is a country filled with primitive tribesmen who have made insignificant contributions to history. Today most Americans pride themselves on being open-minded, politically conscious, and socially aware of world wide problems. Yet when discussing Africa, its history, and present state, most misconceptions as seen above are accepted without question. These myths have been developed over a century of time and have become imbedded in the minds of the Western

Geology of Manitou free essay sample

This paper discusses the geological and historical aspects of Manitou Springs, Colorado. This paper takes an in-depth look at one of Colorados most interesting cities, Manitou Springs. The author discusses the history of the city, early explorers and denizens, and the ancient rock formations which makes Manitou Springs a tremendous tourist attraction. The paper looks at such Manitou sights as Pike Peaks, Garden of the Gods, and the Dawson formation. From the Paper: Besides being home to a number of top-notch, countrywide renowned historic restaurants, as well as many desired locality eateries, Manitou Springs has a broad range of first class lodgings: an historic hotel, many exclusive Victorian bed breakfasts, traditional motels, warm boutique motels quality motor inns, cabins by Fountain Creek, and secluded wooded campgrounds. What makes Manitou Springs the most absolute Colorado experience is the lure of the surrounding of the city. You can reach to the top of the Pike Peaks through the Manitou and Pikes railway station which has the elevation of 14,110. We will write a custom essay sample on Geology of Manitou or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Cave of the winds, will lead to the vivid pits of Colorado but very soon you will be back in time by the majestic view of Miromont Castle and the Cliff Dwellings Museum.

Is Wal-Marts Mission and Vision the Same as Stakeholders Essay Example

Is Wal-Marts Mission and Vision the Same as Stakeholders? Paper Wal-Mart Mission, vision, goals, and objective Since it’s beginning in 1962 by Sam Walton , Wal-Mart has always been a company that has presented the image that they will go the extra mile for customer satisfaction. Wal-Mart has overcome difficult times by using many different tactics enabling them to grow and expand in times when most companies experienced hard times. Their Strategic Management is superb but even in their success the question that arises is: Are Wal-Marts stated Mission, vision, goals, and objective aligned with the needs of their stakeholders? It is my opinion that the answer is â€Å"yes†. The two stakeholders I will focus on are one external stakeholder (customers) and one internal stakeholder (employees). Through the years Wal-Mart has had to restructure their business but they have done so efficiently, always changing and always growing but always making the consumer feel as if they are first. Their unique way of treating employees helps to make this company stand out. Their mission of â€Å"Saving people money so they can live better† was built on the philosophy of their founder, Sam Walton, who believed that associates should treat customers the way management should treat associates. Wal-Marts goal to always supply their customers with great retail products at affordable prices along with a smile as well as always being of assistance is another reason they are able to stay ahead of their competition. Some of Wal-Marts sustainable sources of competitive advantage lie largely in their goal to providing their customers with the Everyday Low Prices that they have grown to expect. Sam Walton called his philosophy the 3 Basic Beliefs. The first is defined as Respect for the individual, believing Our people make the difference. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Wal-Marts Mission and Vision the Same as Stakeholders? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is Wal-Marts Mission and Vision the Same as Stakeholders? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is Wal-Marts Mission and Vision the Same as Stakeholders? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer No matter what color, background, or lifestyle, each employee is treated with respect. The second belief, Service to our customer, is explained as maintaining the lowest price and the best possible service. This is an attractive selling point to any customer or potential employee. The third belief, Strive for excellence, is about adapting to the changing economy by creating new ideas and always looking for ways to improve their service to customers and creating a working environment that people can be proud to be a part of. These simple three statements deliver a powerful message that helps to keep Wal-Mart a strong, successful company in the eyes of their stakeholders. Wal-Mart offers the opportunity for a career with more than 75 percent of their store management team moving up from an hourly associate position. As one of the largest private employers in the U. S. , Wal-Mart employs up to 1. 4 million people with the majority of their associates who are full-time hourly wage earning an average $10. 83 and this is even higher in urban areas. The full-time hourly wage is $11. 2 in Atlanta, $12. 57 in Boston, $11. 52 in Chicago and $11. 26 in Dallas just to name a few. Additionally, their commitment outshines many of their retail competitors; Wal-Mart associates – both full and part-time – can become eligible for health benefits. Health Care benefits have been a concern and big ticket item on the presidential ticket for quite some time. In a survey taken during the company’s most rec ent open enrollment period, more than 92. 7 percent of Wal-Mart associates reported having some form of health coverage. Wal-Mart insures more than 1. 1 million associates and family members making them among the nation’s largest providers of private sector health insurance. Part of the Wal-Mart formula for success is simply their relationship with their employees and that assists in forming relationships with their suppliers which has helped make Wal-Mart the top discount retailer. It is a known fact that this retailer continually strives for improvement on all levels of its merchandise and expects no less from its suppliers. They demand quality at cheap prices and if these demands are not met then necessary pressure is assumed. Keeping inline with its company mission and objectives, this is how Wal-Mart survives. If they cannot get the product for you at the low price they expect, then they will go to another supplier. Wal-Mart’s vision for sustainable growth encompasses the impact they have on communities. Through the jobs they provide, and the money they help people save, Wal-Mart generates economic opportunity in communities where they operate. They make every effort to ensure that they locate their stores in a manner that meets the environmental needs of a community. Wal-Mart also works hard to giving back to the local community through volunteerism and charitable contributions. Giving back to the community has always been a top priority for Wal-Mart. In 2007, Wal-Mart donated more than $296 million to charitable organizations benefiting thousands of communities across the United States. Additionally, Wal-Mart employees and customers generously contributed an additional $106 million through company-sponsored programs. External stakeholders can see that together with Wal-Mart’s high interest involvement and their contributions to the communities they occupy and the suppliers that sell products through the Wal-Mart organization, Wal-Mart has aligned itself to meet the goals of a community and show how they can benefit from the presence of a Wal-Mart Store. From the internal stakeholders view, working for the Wal-Mart Empire will give you the opportunity for a career and other benefits offered through the company. Wal-Mart makes their employees feel, through their mission statement and 3 basic beliefs, part of a bigger team with the potential to reach their own personal and financial goals.

The United States and the Articles of Confederation essays

The United States and the Articles of Confederation essays From 1781 to 1789, the Articles of Confederation provided the United States with an ineffective government. However, there were some strong steps taken in the articles to try and make the United States a better country. The Articles created a simple confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to a central government. But in the end, the Articles of Confederation didn't help the United States manage. The Articles of Confederation arranged a national government that would consist of a single house of Congress, where each state would have one vote. Congress had the power to set up a postal department that estimates the costs of the government and request donations from the states and to raise armed forces. Congress could also borrow money to declare war or enter into treaties and alliances with foreign nations. With this power, Congress was able to make the Articles of Confederation look good by signing the Treaty of Paris in 1783. This treaty, signed along with Great Britain, concluded the American Revolution. Great Britain recognized the thirteen colonies as the free and independent United States of America. However, the most important power was that Congress had the right to obtain territory and control development of the western territories, which was previously controlled by Great Britain. (Doc D) With the Articles of Confederation, the United States was able to break away f rom Great Britain and become a free nation, setting up their government. Although the articles set the United States free, it was unable to provide them with a solid government. People like John Jay and James Madison question the Articles of Confederation because of the weak government. (Doc G) There were several problems between the states and the central government. For example, sometimes the states refused to give the government the money it needed. The government could not pay off the debts it had made during the revolution, includin...

Retail Management Your complete guide to starting your career

Retail Management Your complete guide to starting your career If you’re thinking about a career in retail management, either because you’ve put in your time in the entry-level retail trenches and want to move up in the field or you’re considering a career change, you probably have a general idea of what to expect. After all, retail is not for the faint of heart. However, there’s a difference between working in retail and making it your career, so if you’re considering taking that step to level up, we have the info you’ll need to help make that decision. How will you know if it’s a good fit?If you’ve gotten this far, it’s likely you’ve already found retail to be a good fit for you, on paper. But what are the qualities you’ll need to have as a retail manager?Good personality counts for a lot here. Some common traits found in successful retail managers include:Strong customer focus. The customers may or may not always be right, but they will always be your priority. Manag ers who care about providing excellent customer service, even under stressful circumstances, do well.Leadership skills. The manager will be in charge of other employees as well as store operations, so it’s important to be someone who can step up and lead rather than melting into the crowd.The ability to make peace. Whether it’s dealing with employee drama or customer issues, at some point the manager will have to be the one who fights off irritation or frustration and placates different kinds of personalities to make sure things are resolved well.If you struggle in any of these areas, it doesn’t mean you can’t be a good retail manager, but it might mean putting in extra work to create a successful professional persona. Being part of retail management means being able to navigate the challenges of keeping everything running smoothly while also accommodating corporate/business goals and customer needs.What is the day-to-day like?Retail managers are typicall y responsible for the daily operations of a brick-and-mortar store- whether it’s a big box giant like Walmart or your Mom and Pop hardware store down the street. Basically, every store needs someone to ensure that sales goals are being met, staff are being managed, the store is operating well, and that customer needs are being met. A retail manager’s tasks may include:Opening and closing the storeHiring and managing staff membersManaging the daily employee scheduleAnalyzing sales and setting sales goals for the storeCreating and maintaining store budgetsAnalyzing and coordinating inventoryCreating store displaysWorking with and reporting to senior management in the company (for example, a head office or a store owner)Communicating financial informationWorking with vendors and suppliersEnsuring that the store is clean, organized, and well-maintainedMonitoring expenses and store losses (security)Handling escalated customer service issuesRetail managers are responsible fo r making sure everything gets done in a store, and that it’s done well. Retail managers can also expect to work long weeks (potentially more than 40 hours), on varied schedules. After all, stores are open all week long, and increasingly on holidays. This is not your standard 9-to-5 in a cubicle gig.What types of retail management jobs are out there?Some of the most common retail management job opportunities include:Store ManagerRetail Operations ManagerTeam LeaderStore General ManagerAlthough most retail management positions are still in what we would think of as â€Å"normal† stores, the retail landscape is definitely changing. So in addition to the traditional store manager roles (showing up at a specific store and making sure that physical operations are going according to plan), there will be increasing opportunities to manage digital retail as well. Managers who are well-versed in supply chain logistics or online sales have versatile skill sets that could help the m advance in our increasingly digital economy.What education will you need?One of the best things about getting started retail is that you don’t need to get an extensive education before you jump in. The retail path often starts with a high school degree and on-the-job training, and then growing experience as you take on more responsibility. Hands-on experience is often more valuable in this field than a specific education credential. To become a retail manager, however, an associate’s degree, bachelor’s degree, or course in sales, business, or management can help you get to the management level faster.If you don’t have a degree, don’t worry- there’s still a path to retail management. You can take your existing experience and use that to create longer-term goals. You can also stay and grow within a certain company, using the promotion ladder to get where you want to be. At every level of your retail career, make sure you’re learning e verything you possibly can about how your store (and retail in general) works, because this is an education you can’t get elsewhere- and you never know when that information can help boost you to the next level.What skills will you need?As mentioned before, retail managers have to be able to juggle many different obligations and tasks. These core skills will serve you very well in a retail management career.Communication skillsManagers have to be able to communicate clearly and effectively with all sorts of different people: employees, upper management, suppliers or vendors, and employees. That means being able to adapt a message to the right audience and strike the right tone as necessary. Listening skills are also essential, so that potential problems can be understood and addressed as quickly and efficiently as possible.Problem solvingEvery retail manager is going to deal with problems- problems with employees, problems with customers, problems in getting the right merchan dise, problems with security, you name it. If your solution to a direct challenge is to pull inward, turtle-style, and hope it goes away, this job might not be for you. Instead, retail managers should be able to see a problem clearly, and be able to come up with a workable solution- even if it’s not a perfect one.Results focusIt’s not enough to keep a store going- managers will also be responsible for performing well according to different metrics, whether it’s a store’s financial performance, sales goals, employee goals, customer feedback, etc. It’s crucial to understand what these criteria are that you’ll need to meet and focus your attention on hitting them.ProfessionalismAs mentioned before, the retail manager will often need to step in and be the grownup in cases of conflict or customer complaints. A professional demeanor at all times is very necessary.Math skillsRetail managers are often responsible for extensive reporting and analysis when it comes to a store’s finances and budgets, so being able to do the math efficiently and accurately is important.Negotiation skillsWhether it’s trying to create an employee schedule without causing a revolt or trying to get a better deal from vendors, knowing how to negotiate your way out of any situation is a powerful tool for a retail manager to have.Engaging people skillsRetail managers are not solo acts, so they have to be able to inspire their teams to do work together for the common good of the store. Fear and anger are not the best motivational tools around, so it’s essential to have the skills to be able to get people to want to do their best work- and to motivate them when they don’t necessarily want to do it.What is the potential career path? â€Å"Retail management† can seem like an end goal in and of itself, so if you haven’t thought much yet about the nuances of what you can do once you get to that point, you’re not alone. Once you get a certain level of management experience, those skills are very transferable all over the retail landscape. You may decide to specialize in a particular area, like one of the following:MerchandisingMarketingPersonnel managementCustomer serviceTrainingOperationsWarehousingOnce you have skills and experience, you may find that different management opportunities may open up even within the same company.What kind of salary can you expect?According to salary.com, retail managers can make a pretty wide range of salaries, with a median between $48,091 and $65,734. Specific salary depends on factors like experience and location.What is the outlook for retail management?Retail itself may be changing with the times, but the need for retail isn’t. Companies will always be selling goods, products, and services, and will always need qualified leaders to help them do that in the most efficient and profitable ways possible. Retail management is a career with solid opera tional foundations, and will continue to be an in-demand career path for those with the experience, leadership skills, and the commitment to customer service.If you’re looking for help with your resume,  you can also download free templates from our Resume Library to get started.

The Importance of First Hand Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Importance of First Hand Information - Essay Example It is necessary to note that history is among those fields that are diverse, and its objectives and goals are clearly distinguished. History can make us understand the situations of the past in different countries because they reflect the character of the nation. In addition, history enables us to be acquainted with the prophets’ biographies as well as policies and the dynasties of rulers in the past (Khaldun, 1989). Therefore, the essence of the paper is to discuss the importance of first-hand information. Moreover, it focuses on Khaldun’s criterion for accepting first-hand information, his arguments, as well as the standards he uses to evaluate historical information. Khaldun argued that there is very little effort undertaken to unearth the truth of the past in history. Mistakes and unsupported assumptions are common elements found in past historical events. Khaldun added that blind trust in tradition is a common trait in a man. He holds the notion that nobody is courageous to stand up against the truth authority, and, therefore, there is a need to fight speculations about the past and deceitful information in history through first-hand information. He opined that it takes time and commitment to look critically at the hidden truth. Furthermore, he acknowledges that it takes knowledge and proper understanding to bring out the truth about the past as well as polishing it so that critical insight can be used. In addition, he noted that first-hand information could provide deep understanding of history and concrete explanation of the genesis and causes of things that currently exist. Moreover, it would provide deep understanding of why and how events occurred (Khaldun, 1989). Historical information requires credible sources and diverse knowledge. It also needs thorough and an excellent mind. However, having these

Manager's Role in an Organization's Ethical Policies and Practice Essay

Manager's Role in an Organization's Ethical Policies and Practice - Essay Example To better establish the prime importance of ethics in making organisational decisions, he first section of the paper centres on the following questions: How should ethics be defined and viewed in organisations and how do ethical and unethical practices impact on the organisation and society as a whole? However, understanding the importance of ethics for business organisations is one thing, but defining who shall take the lead to ensure ethical policies and practice in the organisation –the board or the manager – is another thing. The second section of the paper discusses this question by delving into the decisive role that managers play in the organisation. It asserts that the role of managers in the organisation’s ethical policies and practice is actually more compelling than that of the Board. In fact, the manager’s ethical misconduct and abuse of discretion had caused the downfall of many corporations. Although it is true that the Board takes the higher stake in the organisation than the manager; it is the manager who exactly deals with the in and out daily operation of the organisation. Organisational Ethics Policies and Practice Ethics essentially pertains to what is right and wrong (Sims 2003, p. 7; Lerbinger 1997, p. 293), good and bad, virtuous and evil or that which illustrates fairness, justice and due process, for example not harming others, respecting others, dealing honestly, helping those in need, fulfilling promises and contracts, and more (Lerbinger 1997, p. 293). When ethics is to be incorporated in organisational policies Whitton (2009) emphasises two dimensions: first, that policies should encourage ethical conduct by the rank and file – this includes specific policies on ‘giving and receiving personal gifts, ancillary employment, conflict of interest situations, patronage, political activity, fraud, harassment, political activity, and whistleblower reporting of defined wrongdoing’; and second , that policies should encourage ethical management to safeguard the integrity of the organisation – this concerns policies that define criteria for ‘competent financial management, merit based recruitment and advancement, transparent accountability for ... decision-making, effective protection of [those] who disclose misconduct, fraud and corruption, meaningful program evaluation, and workable disciplinary processes’. As such, Whitton furthers that organisational ethics policy is an assurance that the organisation will live-up to what it commits itself to promote, provide and serve and that it will conduct itself fairly, giving due consideration not only to itself but to society at large. (p. 2) Similarly, this is what Lerbinger (1997) refers to as corporate social responsibility, which to him transcends the law. (p. 293) Evidently so, Whitton (2009) has rightly stated that effective ethics policy must always be considered part of the organisation’s ove rhead cost, because failure to do so would be more costly to the organisation and the society as a whole. In other words, organisations should always pay attention to ethical issues to avoid greater loss. For example data show that, US businesses are losing $40 billion

Cultural Competency Assessment Paper Essay Example for Free

Cultural Competency Assessment Paper Essay Culture is a very difficult term to define. However, certain people have gone on and defined culture well by saying that it is a ‘set of shared values, opinions and practices of a community or group of people. ’ (Definition of Culture) The importance of the understanding of a socio-cultural environment of any country is imperative to attaining business advantage and eventually translatable success. This understanding of socio-cultural environment is then translated effectively into business practices so that they appeal to the local crowd and create a positive image of the firm in their minds. (Cultural Barriers) More and more organisations today face a dynamic and changing environment. This, in turn, requires these organisations to adapt. Hence, it is important to consider the changing nature of the workforce. Most organisations, today, have to adjust to cope up with a multi-cultural environment. Human resource policies and practices have to change in order to attract and keep this more diverse workforce motivated and willing to work. And many organisations have to spend large amounts of money on training to upgrade various skills of the employees. There is a definite downside to the resistance to change and that is hindrance to the process of adaptation and progress. It doesn’t necessarily surface in a standardized manner. Resistance can be overt, implicit, immediate, or deferred (Robbins, 2004). It is easiest foe the management to deal with resistance when it is overt and immediate. For instance, a change is proposed and employees quickly respond by voicing complaints, engaging in a work slowdown, threatening to go on a strike, etc. The greater challenge is managing change when it is implicit or deferred. Implicit resistance efforts are more subtle, like, loss of loyalty to the organisation, loss of motivation to work, increased errors or mistakes, increased absenteeism, etc (Robbins, 2004). Similarly, deferred actions cloud the link between the source of the resistance and the reaction to it. Empathy is the ability to understand the emotional makeup of other people. Empathy is the trait that enables a leader to be an expert in building and maintaining talent. It enables him to treat people according to their emotional reactions. This is why he can be successful in getting the most out of the talented people that work under him; it thus makes him a better man manager. He is able to manage and lead people from various different backgrounds and cultures, belonging to various social and economic classes, i. e. it increases the cross-cultural sensitivity of the leader himself. With the businesses and economies globalising, leaders have to lead and manage people belonging to different cultures which is the major reason why change management in such a scenario is very difficult, however, if only a leader can empathize with his followers, it makes the job half as difficult as before. The Cultural Competency Assessment Responses portrays a wonderful picture of the cultural competency assessment test; the responses were positive and the personal taking the test were satisfied with this tool, Cultural Competency Assessment as exhibited in their responses was informational, people started thinking in a different direction, and enhanced learning amongst different culture, it is essential when we are dealing with human lives in terms of health, healing wellness. Cross -cultural communication utilizes language and culture to shape human behaviour and facilitating them. In fact the two also influence each other. Cultural impacts on human behaviour are widespread and influence important aspects of human behaviour. In comparison, influence of language on human behaviour is subtle but still significant. Further Cultural Competency Assessment includes life cycle events add value to the program by helping people of different culture comprehend the cultural diversity of adolescents or the elderly, which prepare individual to interact with people of diverse culture for the betterment of their career in medicine. Gathering good history of the patients is significant for finding and giving the right treatment, using deductive reasoning to arrive to a diagnosis. So life cycle events enhances the health care delivery process for its betterment. Cultural competence is the capability to interact efficiently among individuals of diverse cultures. It encompasses four components attentiveness of ones own cultural worldview, approach towards cultural differences, Knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews, and cross-cultural Skills. Building cultural competence results in an capability to comprehend, communicate with, and efficiently interact with people across cultures. These components if implemented properly are very effective in Building cross cultural communication competence. Further, when an organization focuses on developing such competences in their employees, the benefits are more then the cost incurred as high-impact managerial teaching builds personal effectiveness amongst worker, Improve communication, efficiency, and productivity for persons, teams, and the whole of the organizations. Further better understanding of the needs of people from different cultural backgrounds will help employees to work as a team more effectively. To comprehend the Cultural competence, Diversity training should be given to the employees for Building cross cultural communication effectiveness, Cultural competence have become essential at present era when our organization are full of people of different culture which has led most management to cater diversity management of the organization by taking such measure for the betterment of the organization. The recommendations I would like to state for the facilitation of the organization is Cultural competence Diversity training which will facilitate in designing strategies, action plans, development, and training matched to people’s current state of affairs. Further to develop the ability to correspond with other people of different culture which will help in building team effectiveness, team building by implementing tailored strategies to cater each diverse teams needs. I would like to conclude by adding that Cultural competence will add value to the organization operation and will lead to the betterment of the organization. References 1. Robbins, Stephen P (2004). Organizational Behavior. Prentice Hall. 2. Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication. (n. d. ). Retrieved from www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/9461923

Essay on Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Antigone was a selfless person with pride as a strong characteristic of her personality.   She possibly had feelings of loneliness and anger from the way society has looked upon her family from their past.   It took a strong willed person who has no fear of the repercussions to stand up to a king as she did.   To make everything all the worst she stood up to a king who was her Uncle and she being a female back in those time, standing up and speaking out for herself was not heard of. Having already been through public disgrace, when her own father, Oedipus found out that he was to fulfill a prophecy; he would kill his father and marry his mother, and this caused Antigone to be full of resentment toward her city.   Both of her brothers die in a battle and, Creon, the king of Thebes forbids the burial of one of her brothers, Polynices.   This must have driven Antigone to follow her moral law.   Considering the love she had for her family as well as her God, she felt that you react upon morals not upon the laws of man.   That morale law was to honor her brother and give him the respectful and proper burial that he deserved just as her other brother was given.   The love she had for her family was the only thing she had left to honor.   Ismene, Antigone’s sister was more fearful of the king’s law then the way her heart was leading her.   Her values were slightly distorted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Creon finds out that Polynices was buried and this disgusted him so much that his anger was probably bubbling up in the pit of his stomach as if he was on fire.   How could anyone defy him?   What happens with the respect he deserves from his kingdom?   He knew in his mind if something sever was not done about this; his kingdom would not look up to him as he should be looked up to.   Where would he stand in societies eye?   He sent an order to find this person and bring him or her back to face the penalty of death. Antigone was caught and death was the price to pay as ordered by Creon, not to her surprise.   Death to Antigone seemed wanted, it was the only thing left as honor for her.   Haemon, the son of Creon and Antigone’s fiancà © has enough respect for his father that he does not interfere with Creon's decision to put Antigone to death. Essay on Sophocles' Antigone :: Antigone essays Antigone was a selfless person with pride as a strong characteristic of her personality.   She possibly had feelings of loneliness and anger from the way society has looked upon her family from their past.   It took a strong willed person who has no fear of the repercussions to stand up to a king as she did.   To make everything all the worst she stood up to a king who was her Uncle and she being a female back in those time, standing up and speaking out for herself was not heard of. Having already been through public disgrace, when her own father, Oedipus found out that he was to fulfill a prophecy; he would kill his father and marry his mother, and this caused Antigone to be full of resentment toward her city.   Both of her brothers die in a battle and, Creon, the king of Thebes forbids the burial of one of her brothers, Polynices.   This must have driven Antigone to follow her moral law.   Considering the love she had for her family as well as her God, she felt that you react upon morals not upon the laws of man.   That morale law was to honor her brother and give him the respectful and proper burial that he deserved just as her other brother was given.   The love she had for her family was the only thing she had left to honor.   Ismene, Antigone’s sister was more fearful of the king’s law then the way her heart was leading her.   Her values were slightly distorted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Creon finds out that Polynices was buried and this disgusted him so much that his anger was probably bubbling up in the pit of his stomach as if he was on fire.   How could anyone defy him?   What happens with the respect he deserves from his kingdom?   He knew in his mind if something sever was not done about this; his kingdom would not look up to him as he should be looked up to.   Where would he stand in societies eye?   He sent an order to find this person and bring him or her back to face the penalty of death. Antigone was caught and death was the price to pay as ordered by Creon, not to her surprise.   Death to Antigone seemed wanted, it was the only thing left as honor for her.   Haemon, the son of Creon and Antigone’s fiancà © has enough respect for his father that he does not interfere with Creon's decision to put Antigone to death.

Book summary of “A Spectator’s guide to Jesus” Essay

John Dickson, an Honorary Associate in the Department of History in Macquarie University, unfolds the myths and the religiosity that often blurs the image of Jesus. Dickson explores the many roles and identities that are given to Jesus, healer, teacher, Christ. â€Å"A Spectator’s guide to Jesus† is a book dedicated to discovering the truth to the most controversial religious topics, from Jesus’ replacement of the temple, his divineness, meaning of his death and his words and deeds that inspire. In the first chapter, â€Å"How we know what we know about Jesus?† Dickson discusses the certainty of Christianity, mentioning the various ancient manuscripts of Jesus from the Greco-Roman references, to the writings of the New Testament. Dickson then comes to discuss the plausibility of the Bible. Since Paul and Mark had independently offered similar descriptions of Jesus’ life and teaching, and because we know these sources are not copied from each other, we have to assume their information was both early and widely known. After proving the encounters of Jesus as extremely likely events, Dickson’s main concern in the second chapter, â€Å"His words and their impact† is emphasising on Jesus’ words of the Christian character of sex, marriage, prayers, wealth, food and body, caring for those in need, loving enemies and divine mercy. The words of Jesus as mentioned in the Gospels, impact on the way humans should live their lives and have an understanding for humanity. Dickson confronts the problems for society believing in miracles since they occur only in small-minded children’s tales. In Chapter 3, â€Å"The deeds that baffle,† Dickson explains Jesus’ stunning miracles as a preview of God’s coming kingdom. Dickson argues that if one was to see that there were no forces in the universe other than the observable laws of nature, then a matter of uncertainty will occur. While if one believed in the miracles of Jesus, the whole puzzle would be completed. In Chapter 6, Dickson explores the human nature of ignoring the rules that God had set up for us, we tend to modify these rules to suite our own preferences. It is in this chapter that Dickson explores the role of Jesus, to overcome the wrongs of this world on behalf of God and also represent God as a loving creator. An example of Jesus’ role is explored in the previous  chapter (4), where Jesus and God had saved the Israelites from the tyrannous Egyptian invasion, under the command of the famous Pharaoh Ramses II. Dickson points out in Chapter 7 of Jesus’ death and resurrection which had borne divine judgement for all those who accept his hand of friendship. Jesus’ openness towards sinners was a deliberate sign of God’s grace unlike the Jewish way of rejecting non-Jews. Jesus’ preaching declared that his suffering and scandalous social life embodied grace in a tangible way. Through his meals with the undeserving, he sought to demonstrate the friendship with sinners he believed God so keenly desires. Jesus’ acting as a replacement of the temple in Chapter 8 not only suggests a mere religious radical, but the thought of allowing the whole community to embrace the Messiah. Chapter 9, â€Å"The meaning of his death,† as Dickson once again assesses, is the aim of Christ’s mission. Christ had died for us to win God’s forgiveness, â€Å"cancel his judgement and guarantee us a place in his kingdom.† Chapter 9 is a follow on from Chapter 5 which described the significance of Jesus’ title. Dickson tells of the importance of the title ‘Christ’, an Anglicised form of the Hebrew name Yeshua, which had endowed his divine authority as ‘saviour’, rescuing people from divine judgement. Dickson also explains the significance of the traditional Passover themes of ‘blood’ and ‘forgiveness’ of God’s people. God’s judgement would fall upon the lamb (Jesus) so that it might pass over ‘sinners’. Chapter 10, 11 and 12 shows the importance of Christ’s resurrection which had shaped the Christian belief of the afterlife. Christ rising to life is central to the biblical faith and not merely because it marks out his life as a unique moment of history, but because in it God shows he is willing and able to breathe a new life where there is currently death and disorder. Dickson then makes the comparison between ‘The Great Caesar’ who conquered a massive empire with the imperialness of Jesus. Nonetheless, Dickson emphasises the fact that God is more significant than Caesar, every empire will pass into oblivion while Christ’s kingdom reigns all and forever. In Chapter 12, Dickson talks of Christs and God’s divineness. The letter from  the Roman administrator Pliny to Emperor Trajan in AD110 indicates Jesus’ oneness with the almighty, â€Å"Jesus is the image of the invisible God.†Dickson uses irony in the last chapter. For centuries, the church has been seen as the preacher and basis of knowledge for the Christian faith, but Dickson questions the church’s battle for power, land, and welfare over the preference for the lowly and contrasts this with Jesus’ non-violent and dutiful service towards humanity. The Epilogue portraits a follower of Jesus’, one who must endure the shame and unworthiness as a sinner, but in the end, â€Å"All earthly empire will pass into oblivion while the kingdom of true Caesar reigns all.†Assessment of the book’s strength and weaknessesI particularly enjoy the concept of this novel being written for the average person; not a scholar novel. It allows the average person to understand and interpret for themselves where Christianity really lies upon, not the clichà ©, inaccurate summaries. As Dickson pointed out, â€Å"studying the life of Christ is like dropping half-way through a conversation,† you can become mislead and often criticise the faith when you have only heard part of the big story. But in â€Å"A Spectators guide to Jesus,† Dickson offers detailed background knowledge to conflicts, events, other religions, Old Testament and Gospel references. The author makes many comparison of the events associated with Jesus, an example was Joe Louis, the professional boxer. â€Å"The lads knew they were messing with the wrong person,† this situation is similar to what we have done to Jesus as Dickson indicates, â€Å"We laughed at him and harassed him for being different and we would never have realised we were wrong till we saw the Son of God through our own eyes.† I find it extremely easy to interpret the events and concepts associated with Jesus when Dickson relates it to modern day events. I see this book as a spectacular outline to the purpose of human existence, however, there are weaknesses. An atheist reading this book would easily see the weakness to Christianity, â€Å"If humans are so unwilling to believe these days, and if God is so great than how hard is it for him to appear in front of everyone?† Dickson should have considered the significance of the Holy  Spirit which continues to prove the presence of God (Chapter 3). On other occasions, Dickson seemed to be too irrelevant. In Chapter 6, Dickson first discusses the human preference to modify rules, he then tells of our lack of compassion for others. Nonetheless, â€Å"A spectators guide to Jesus† remains to be an incredible book through its inspiring words and debate on the man from Nazareth. Reflection of the books contents to the concerns of the reviewerIn Chapter 2, Dickson shows a selection of teachings of Jesus. A practical implication that captivated me was one of Jesus’ teachings, â€Å"Love for enemies.† In Luke 6:27-36, it spoke, â€Å"Even sinners love those who love them. And if you do good to those who are good to you, what credit is that to you? Even sinners do that.† I can see myself relating with this passage. In year six, a student confronted me and yelled curses at me. I responded with fat insults about him. I instantly felt the pride and rise in self-esteem. But the next day, I saw the kid had become depressed and outraged as a result of my insults. I felt bad. The following week, a different kid yelled insults at me, but this time I didn’t curse back, instead I told him that we could be friends and there is no point in being enemies. Ever since that day we became good friends. I see there being no need for hatred. What can you lose from being nice? You can only gain from being a kind and wise person, similar to the character of Jesus that Dickson depicts through historical sources. If everyone respects their enemy, the world would be a better place. Another way in which I felt the book had related to my beliefs was Dickson’s view on the meaning of Jesus’ death, implying that there must be a God which controls everything. I really don’t see our purpose to life through science. Everything around me is so perfect, from the smallest creature on earth to the biggest stars in the sky. I don’t have to be a genius to spot the missing puzzle, the question to human existence lies nowhere but the fact that there is a God who had created everything, we became sinners and his son Jesus had saved us from Divine judgement, according to Dickson (Chapter 3). http://www.sydneyanglicans.net/mission/resources/a_spectators_guide_to_jesus_john_dickson/

American Chemical Corporation Analysis Essay

Executive Summary American Chemical Corporation’s Collinsville plant in Alabama is being sought by Dixon a speciality chemicals company. This plant mainly specialises in Sodium Chlorate production and fits well with Dixon’s strategy of supplying chemicals to paper and pulp industry. It would also complement Dixon’s existing product line. The plant costs $12million in investment and requires up to$ 2.25 million for upgrading to new technology. An in-depth investigation and analysis is conducted for both the company and the industry to accurately determine the worth of investment in the Collinsville plant. Net present values are calculated for all possible scenarios. After a thorough analysis of the data, suitable recommendations are provided. Introduction Dixon, an American specialty chemical producer, wants to buy Collinsville plant from American Chemical Corporation, another typical chemical company  in 1979. Dixon wants to diversify its product line by acquiring the aforesaid plant, which produces sodiumchlorate to supply to paper producers in South-eastern part of the US. This plant initially cost USD 12 million and additional USD 2.25 million needed to buy laminate technology to increase efficiency and profitability of the plant in order. About The Collinsville Plant American Chemical Corporation’s plant in Collinsville had the capacity to produce 40000 tons of sodium chlorate per year. Sodium chlorate is produced via the electrolytic decomposition of salt, water and energy. The important factors for us to consider regarding sodium chlorate is where the demand for this chemical comes from. 85% of demand for the product is derived from the paper and pulp industry, where it is used in the production of the bleach that is used to whiten the paper. The remaining 15% comes from its use as a soil sterilant, in uranium mining and in the production of other chemicals. Sodium Chlorate Market in USA Bargaining Power of Customers * Customers include Paper & Pulp Producing Companies like Georgia Pacific and Universal * Because of high competition among the sodium chlorate producers, the bargaining power is being increased. * The demand is also increasing at the rate of 8 to 10% per year with extra usage in the plant effluent problems of paper corporations.| Competition within Industry * Highly Competitive Market * Market Leaders like Hooker, Pennwalt, American & Kerr-McGee have more than 55% of the US Market * Huge number of small medium enterprises with active shares in the sodium chlorate market in US * Paper Companies like Universal also have their own NaClO3 plants actively participating in the competition. * Companies like Brunswick and Southern are specialised only in NaClO3 production| Threat of New Entrants * Union Chemicals and Lousiana Paper Company have already announced their entry into the competition with 40000 and 35000 tons plants respectively| Threat of Substitutes * Graphite Rods used in the production of NaClO3 are being replaced with Metal or Laminate rods. * This would eliminate graphite costs and also reduce power costs by approx. 30%| Issues surrounding Collinsville opportunity 1. Impact on revenues: Reduction in margins due to overcapacity: Although sodium chlorate prices were expected to increase, the overcapacity would cause number of tons to reduce (competition) and therefore, hit the margins. 2. Impact on costs: Increase of electricity from $0.019 in 1977 per kWh to $0.025 per kWh in 1979. Besides, due to upward revaluation of assets, depreciation was expected to increase. 3. Impact from adoption of technology: Depreciation would increase and Dixon was required to pay all costs related to the installation of laminated electrodes. 4. Impact of Financing of acquisition: Temporarily increase Debt to capital ratio to 47%. Target debt to capital ratio: 35% Valuation The Next important step is the valuation of sodium chlorate plant i.e. Collinsville Plant for Dixon Company. The given values and assumptions are summarised in the following tables: Using NPV Rule for the project – Without Laminated Electrodes [Details of the expected values is given in Exhibit 1 As the table is clearly indicating the net present value is a negative value if the Collinsville Plant is valued assuming that the graphite rods are not substituted with the laminate ones. This project may not be profitable considering this negative value. Using NPV Rule for the project – With Laminated Electrodes [Details of the expected values is given in Exhibit 2] For calculating the NPV of project in case of Laminated Electrodes, the power costs are reduced by 20%. The Graphite costs are taken as zero since there is no utilisation of graphite in the newer technology. Also the capital expenditures for first year are taken as 2.5 million $(the cost of project). Now, the NaClO3 plant in Collinsville is valued using discounted cash flow assuming the plant would operate using new replaced laminate electrodes when they become available. In this project, it is founded out that the Net present value is positive suggesting the project is profitable if $2.25mn of laminate electrodes is included in the overall $12mn deal. Calculations of Beta The systematic risk of the project could be the risk of the production of sodium chlorate in the industry. Therefore, we calculate beta of the project based on the beta of the sodium chlorate industry. The beta of Brunswick and Southern will be used to calculate the Beta un-leverd for the firm because the two firms purely produce sodium chlorate. Their Beta will be first unlevered. Then weighted average of those un-levered Betas will be used to calculate the levered beta of the firm. Debt/Equity ratio For calculating levered Beta we take Dixons target capital structure (D/E ratio of 35%). Financing by the debt package will temporarily increase Dixon’s D/E ratio to .47. But we take .35 as the D/E ratio for calculation as the company will ensure that it maintains its target D/E ratio in the long run. Monte Carlo Analysis Monte Carlo analysis is used to gauge the sensitivity of free cash flows on the Net present value of the project. This is used to simulate various sources of uncertainty inherent in the cash flows. Monte Carlo Analysis is performed on both the relevant scenarios in the case and the variations are plotted in a graph. For the Unlaminated factory After installing lamination Recommendations Basing on our detailed calculations following recommendations are made to Dixon Corporation * The net present value (NPV) of Collinsville plant (without the lamination technology) comes out as -0.89 million. Since the NPV value is negative it is advisable not invest in this project and company should pursue other alternatives. * If the new Lamination technology is installed in the Collinsville plant then the Net present value comes out as $10.919 million. This is attributed mainly to the huge savings in power and graphite costs. Even though it requires a $2.5 million extra investment, the benefits far outweigh the costs. Because of a high NPV value it is advisable to invest in the Collinsville plant and install the lamination technology. This investment will not only create synergies because of the similarity in the business but also add value to shareholders wealth. * If terminal values are taken as zero (assuming no residual value)then the NPV of Collinsville plant comes out as -$2.928 million. And after installation of lamination the NPV becomes as 3.6 million $. Because of the high NPV value in the later scenario it is advisable to implement advanced Lamination technology while investing in Collinsville plant.

Report on the Weather Man

Report on the Weather Man Free Online Research Papers In the Weather Man, the director Gore Verbinski presents a middle-aged man’s mingled relationship with his father, ex-wife, children, and job in a special period of time. In the first few scenes, the main role, Dave Spritz, lost his decent job with high payment. And the longtime marriage problems with his wife emerged from being underwater. He was informed of his father’s cancer being in the last stage. Almost at the same time, his two young children, a son and a daughter, had the underage problems separately. In spite of all these hindrances mentioned above, Dave went all out to adapt to resolve them. On one hand, he applied to different kinds of jobs. On the other hand, Dave made efforts to reverse the bad combination with his family: he accompanied his father to the hospital, went to the psychological doctor with his wife, spared some time with his young children. However, those efforts seemed that they worked very little. Dave and his wife got divorced, and the two children were given to their mother by law. Very soon, the woman got married, which struck him a great deal. Whatsoever, Dave recovered from the bitter reality bit by bit through his never-ending pursuit and perseverance. In the end, he managed to save himself from these proble ms and to achieve social reputation. What impressed me most in this movie was the relationship between parents and their underage children, since we (the two children and I) were almost at the same age and I could easily feel as the same way as the minors of their age. At the beginning, I noticed one detail. When the daughter Shelly got ?100 from her father, she paid for cigarettes. Judged by her proficient actions, I saw a girl’s depravation as a result of family problems. As a girl of Shelly’s age, it was too young to bring herself a release from the irrecoverable painfulness caused by her unconcerned parents. â€Å"Family is the harbor of the heart.† But when a house became the first scene of parents’ frequent wars, people would lose earthly joys, and children always were the victims. They not only suffered from the body, but also from the spirit. There was another detail that I paid much attention to. Dave failed to buy what his wife had told, after returning they quarreled with each other violently. On hearing these, the two young children left the table at once. The son went to watch TV, and he kept turning up the TV; meanwhile, the daughter laid in bed with her ears covered, tears rolling down from her face. We always hear people say:† Children are guiltless. † But why children always had to undertake the worst result from family wars? Being unable to converse the serious family problems, the girl, Shelly, learnt to smoke. Worse still, her brother began to take drugs and was sued for stealing. These were the young children’s childish actions to fight against the severe situation which they had to confront with. They wanted to solve all these problems, and most importantly, they would like to win their parents’ attention and get their cares. As a spectator, I could say they were babyish, and I could say they were immaterial, but as a matter of fact, they had got all sympathizes of mine. If you asked me who was to blame, undoubtedly, I would condemn the parents. It was their indifference that led to the young children’s crime. They set a bad example when they were having a fierce quarrel over trivial things. Because of these repetitions, they failed to create an environment filled with love and care, respect and tolerance. This was an essential factor for young men’s growth and development. To my delight, the parents realized their faults at a relatively early stage, â€Å"This shit life we must chuck some things. We must chuck them in this shit life. Theres always looking after. You have time.† and they did all means to make up for their children. â€Å"Better later than never.† At first, what they had done seemed to be useless, but they didn’t give up and continued to do many practical things to help their children. Dave took his daughter to the shooting range, joined in the kangaroo jump with her, and accompanied her to buy suitable clothes. What’s more, his beating to the bad man who treated his son unjustly satisfied me greatly. Gradually, all these he had done changed my earlier point of view. Eventually, in my eyes, he had turned a qualified and responsible father. Of course, the mother’s efforts to take care of her two children deserved my respect. The movie ended with Dave’s success in his career. What I have learnt from this movie is that love means responsibility. We should love our family members, love our world, love our life, in other words, we should be responsible to what we love. Research Papers on Report on the Weather ManPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Spring and AutumnHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is Art

Labor Unions During the Great Depression

Labor Unions During the Great Depression The Great Depression of the 1930s changed Americans view of unions. Although AFL membership fell to fewer than 3 million amidst large-scale unemployment, widespread economic hardship created sympathy for working people. At the depths of the Depression, about one-third of the American workforce was unemployed, a staggering figure for a country that, in the decade before, had enjoyed full employment. Roosevelt and the Labor Unions With the election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, government - and eventually the courts - began to look more favorably on the pleas of labor. In 1932, Congress passed one of the first pro-labor laws, the Norris-La Guardia Act, which made yellow-dog contracts  unenforceable. The law also limited the power of federal courts to stop strikes and other job actions. When Roosevelt took office, he sought a number of important laws that advanced labors cause. One of these, the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act) gave workers the right to join unions and to bargain collectively through union representatives. The act established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to punish unfair labor practices and to organize elections when employees wanted to form unions. The NLRB could force employers to provide back pay if they unjustly discharged employees for engaging in union activities. Growth in Union Membership With such support, trade union membership jumped to almost 9 million by 1940. Larger membership rolls did not come without growing pains, however. In 1935, eight unions within the AFL created the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) to organize workers in such mass-production industries as automobiles and steel. Its supporters wanted to organize all workers at a company - skilled and unskilled alike - at the same time. The craft unions that controlled the AFL opposed efforts to unionize unskilled and semiskilled workers, preferring that workers remain organized by craft across industries. The CIOs aggressive drives succeeded in unionizing many plants, however. In 1938, the AFL expelled the unions that had formed the CIO. The CIO quickly established its own federation using a new name, the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which became a full competitor with the AFL. After the United States entered World War II, key labor leaders promised not to interrupt the nations defense production with strikes. The government also put controls on wages, stalling wage gains. But workers won significant improvements in fringe benefits - notably in the area of health insurance  and union membership soared.

Effects Of The Commercial Culture On The Society Essay

Effects Of The Commercial Culture On The Society - Essay Example However, the private ownership and associated profit motive of economic ventures induce adverse effects on the society while some opinions identify economic benefits. The validity of the claim, therefore, depends on identifiable effects of the commercial culture on the society. The society has continually faced problems that range from economic to political, and fingers point to the commercial culture of capitalism and the media. The profit motive in the commercial sector plays an important role in food that people eat and to a great extent account for effects of other consumables. The emergence of economic concepts of cost minimization towards optimal profits plays a core role as capitalists seek less costly strategies to productions and marketing strategies for market control. In the food industry, for example, industrialization has transformed eating habits to commercially processed foods that are rich in chemicals and fats and expose consumers to eating disorders such as overweight. Using the media to penetrate into new markets also influences consumers towards the capitalists’ products and increases incidences of effects of industrial products (Twitchell 1). Economic effects of capitalism also support the claim that the commercial culture is responsible for depression and associated disorders among members of the society. Unlike in socialist culture where the society owns resources and collectivism ensures needs of every member of the society, capitalism concentrates excessive resources on a few individuals while a majority of members of the society remain in poverty and have to struggle for their needs. Human suffering due to lack of basic needs or wants, therefore, flourish in the society while a non-capitalist system would have resolved such conditions. The condition worsens by capitalists’ selfish interest that seeks to increase the capitalists’ possession at the expense of the working class  that mainly lives in poverty.

A Brief Analysis of the Development of English as a Global Language Essay

A Brief Analysis of the Development of English as a Global Language - Essay Example As the report declares social change will contribute to change in status of a language, as Gerry Knowles implies in a study of the history of language. This paper stresses that medium can become the official language of a country when it is adopted as the mother tongue and used by â€Å"such domains as government, the law courts, media, and the educational system. English did not achieve global status by way of one or two variables: several factors contributed to the process and arrival, factors which are part of a slowly evolving phenomenon that parallels the social changes experienced by numerous cultures over many eras. The culture of nationalism and the revolutions lead to worldwide expansion, as does the Industrial Revolution: electricity, roads, railroads, and airways introduce and facilitate transportation, commerce, migration. The farmer, no longer isolated in rural domains, picks up the local dialect or brings his own to the towns. Tradesmen, needing a common medium, trade words. With the printing press, administrations, and the London-based dialect passing to greater reaches, the shifts and adaptations make English both l ocalized and â€Å"normalised†. With education, standardised English is formalised. With film, television, and satellite technology, a trend is clearly toward the globalised. And with language change facilitated by the development of new technology that leads to improved communications.

Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties - Essay Example In essence, Civil liberty and Civil rights are envisaged in the constitution and was derived from the declaration of independence and the bill of rights (Walker 481). It is worth to note that close assessment of the two terms offers an insight into the significance of sound socio-economic and political polices towards sustainable growth as has been experienced in United States. The cultural diversity that characterizes United States makes such emphasis on civil rights and civil liberty crucial. Civil rights generally entail having basic rights of being free from unequal consideration on specific characteristics that include gender, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation among others. In the context of other socio-economic provisions like housing, employment among others, civil liberty constitutes unrestricted or biased access. Civil liberty therefore entail guaranteed basic rights that are explicitly addressed by the constitution and defended by the law makers and judicial system. Achieving a united nation has been facilitated by the concentration of socio-economic interest on the constitution and relentless efforts to implement and practice. According to the Bill of rights in the constitution, civil rights and civil liberty are enshrined as the pillars of prosperity and this evident in government efforts to champion for the American dream of equality. Key constituents of civil liberty include; the right to privacy, fair judicial process, marriage, freedom of religion, rig ht to vote among others. Civil liberty and civil rights must be supported through supervised enactment and sub sequent adoption. This means that every individual is subject ted to the highlighted rights and freedom and any breach is taken through legal redress by the court. The aforementioned rights in United States are enforced through documentations on Declaration of Independence and Voting Rights Act of 1965. Voting is key to expressing

Climate change and human health

Climate change and human health Introduction The negative impacts of climate change are numerous and wide ranging. But none are as disturbing as those that pose a serious threat to human health (Smith et al., 2001). Moreover, these negative impacts are extremely complex in nature. Climate change can affect human health in several different ways (Haines Patz, 2004). With a 0.8% rise in the earth surface temperature over the past 30 years ( Solomon et al., 2007) and a further expected increase of 1.1- 6.4 degrees over the next 100 years, climate change would result in volatile global temperatures, fluctuations in the worlds rainfall level, extreme droughts and severe floods all effecting human health adversely (Haines et al., 2005). The effects can be either direct in the form of a life threatening situation or indirect ones, with detrimental consequences for biodiversity integral to human life existence. In addition, climate change can potentially influence the quality and quantity of disease carrying species thereby affecting the pathogens that carry those diseases (Bosello et al., 2006). According to WHO the fluctuations in global temperatures and rainfall have resulted in the deaths of around 150,000 people (Campbell-Lendrum et al., 2003). Furthermore, by 2030 the risk to human health from climate change will almost double (WHO, 2002) Main Threats to Human Health Heat Waves The rise in temperature predicted in future is most likely to cause more severe and prolonged heat waves (Hulme et al., 2002). Increased temperatures usually lead to cardiovascular, cerebral vascular and respiratory diseases, especially in the elderly with high mortality rates (Haines et al., 2006). Heat waves are particularly dangerous for urban areas due to the urban heat effect often resulting in higher temperatures than less crowded rural areas. In the absence of a co-ordinate effort, the threat of a heat wave is all the more real. In 2003 several thousand people died due to heat wave across Europe (Johnson et al., 2005; IVS, 2003). Severe heat can also lead to increase in humidity with negative implications for human health (Haines et al., 2006). Floods Droughts As the frequency and severity of floods and droughts increase, so do their devastating impacts on human health, in a direct and an indirect way. Human life can be threatened or even lost as a result of flooding or injury caused due to it. There are long term negative impacts on the victims mental state associated with flooding (French et al., 1983). Moreover, flooding can cause the release of toxic chemicals thereby constituting a health hazard (Albering et al., 1993-94). Flooding often leaves behind a legacy of diarrhoeal and diseases related to respiration especially in crowded regions. Mental illness like anxiety can creep in after the damages of flooding in a population (Haines et al., 2006). Droughts can lead to infectious diseases, extreme dry conditions which are highly conducive to forest fires and severe food shortages leading to low nutrition (Bouma et al., 1997). Malaria Infectious Diseases Infectious diseases are mostly caused by agents normally in the form of insects. These insects are sensitive to slight temperature variations. With the increase in temperature due to climate change, there is a likelihood that the population of these carrier agents would increase. Temperature isnt the only variable affected by climate change that helps such disease carriers. Factors like humidity, sea level rise, soil moisture and alteration in rain forest can positively affect the numbers of these insects. This can lead to an increase in the overall incident rate as well as an increase in the duration of the transmission season (Kovats, 2003). Addressing the Issue Policy making with regard to assessing the impacts of climate change on human health needs to address two basic notions: vulnerability in future as well as the cost in terms of resources needed to implement the strategies in order to reduce or mitigate the effect of climate change on human health (Ebi, 2008). Successful policies should be able to address the following basic issues: select the most climate sensitive health problems, the relationship between climate change and current health patterns, strategies available to help address the issue of climate change in terms of its costs on human health, and how can we successfully implement the health related climate change strategies (Ebi, 2008). Conclusion The issue of climate change carries enormous significance with respect to its impacts on human health. Several studies indicate a clear linkage between the climate change and its negative effects on human health. Climate change negatively influence human health in numerous ways with severe repercussions. Changes in the different variables associated with climate change help nurture the conditions harmful to human health. Policy making therefore needs to address some of the most sensitive and pressing issues in this regard. We should be able to target the issues in a more economic way as the costs of climate change mitigation are already perceived to be too high. BIBLIOGRAPHY Albering HJ, van Leusen SM, Moonen EJC, Hoogewerff JA, Kleinjans JCS. Human health risk assessment: a case study involving heavy metal soil contamination after the flooding of the river Meuse during the winter of 1993-1994. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107:37-43 Bosello, F., Lazzarin, M., Roson, R., Tol, R.S.J., 2004. Economy-Wide Estimates of the Implications of Climate Change: Sea Level Rise, Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change FNU-38. Centre for Marine and Climate Research, Hamburg University, Hamburg. Bouma MJ, Kovats SR, Goubet SA, St H, Cox J, Haines A. Global assessment of El NinËÅ"os disaster burden. Lancet 1997; 350:1435-8. Campbell-Lendrum, D., Pruss-Ustun, A., Corvalan, C., 2003. How much disease could climate change cause? in: McMichael, A.J., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Corvalan, C., Ebi, K.L., Githeko, A.K., Scheraga, J.S., Woodward, A. (Eds.), Climate Change and Health: Risks and Responses. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 133-158. Ebi, K. Burton, I. 2008 Identifying practical adaptation options: an approach to address climate change-related health risks. Environmental Science Policy II, 359-369. French J, Ing R, Von Allmen S, Wood R. Mortality from flash floods: a review of national weather service reports, 1969- 81. Public Health Rep 1983;98:584-8. Haines, A. Patz J. Health effects of climate change. J Am Med Assoc 2004;291:99-103 Haines, A., Kovats, S., Campbell-Lendrum, D. Corvalan, C. ( 2006) Climate change and human health: Impacts, vulnerability and public health. Public Health (2006) 120, 585-596 Hulme M, Jenkins GJ, Lu X, et al. Climate change scenarios for the United Kingdom: the UKCIP02 scientific report. Norwich: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia; 2002. Institut de Veille Sanitaire. Impact sanitaire de la vague de chaleur en France survenue en aouˆt 2003. De ´partement des maladies chroniques et traumatismes, De ´partement sante ´ environment, Paris; 2003. Johnson H, Kovats RS, McGregor GR, et al. The impact of the 2003 heatwave on mortality and hospital admissions in England. Health Stat Q 2005;25:6-11. Kovats S, Bouma MJ, Hajat S, Worrell E, Haines A. El Nino and health. Lancet 2003;361:1481-9. Shea, K., Truckner, R., Weber, R. Peden, D. 2008 Climate change and allergic disease. Clinical reviews in allergy and immunology Smith, J.B., Schellnhuber, H.-J., Mirza, M.Q., Fankhauser, S., Leemans, R., Erda, L., Ogallo, L., Pittock, B., Richels, R., Rosenzweig, C., Safriel, U., Tol, R.S.J., Weyant, J.P., Yohe, G.W., 2001. Vulnerability to climate change and reasons for concern: a synthesis. In: McCarthy, J.J., et al., (Eds.), Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, pp. 913- 967. WHO, 2002. The World Health Report 2002 Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Why Is The Crucible So Called Essays -- Essay on The Crucible

How is 'The Crucible' appropriately titled? The word 'crucible' is used by Arthur Miller in his play as a metaphor. The first definition of the word crucible is: a melting pot especially for metals. In the play this is first acknowledged during the first act, as we gradually piece together the information concerning the girls dancing. The 'kettle' viewed by Reverend Parris mirrors a crucible. We are told that the girls had made a brew which contained a little frog and blood is therefore viewed by the characters involved as a potent, fearsome mixture and this signifies the beginning of the Salem tragedy. It seems that from this 'brew' a more sinister force is released. The dancing and the contents of the little pot seem to fuel the rumours, lies and tragedy of Salem. From this point onwards, lies which in turn arouse suspicion ending ultimately in the destruction of the Salem community. Even in the next part of the play we observe Tituba create and elaborate lies which is the first we see of the evil which is unleashed by the w itch hunt. There was very little privacy in Salem mainly because the fact that it was a theocracy and crimes were an offence not only against God but also against the community. Therefore there was pressure for neighbours to reveal other's sin. The desire for privacy makes one suspect others because if they do not convict others it looks as if they themselves might have something to hide. It is ironic that Reverend Parris says that the witchcraft investigation might reveal the source of all the community's problems 'Why, Rebecca, we may open up the boil of all our troubles today' because in the end the witchcraft investigation provokes the burning down and destruction of the community. The witch trials are also metaphorically a melting pot, again, for people's grudges, and their seeking of revenge. The play shows us also how people can give into their fear and superstition. The trials are not really about witchcraft, Abigail admits to John in private how the witchery is a hoax 'We were dancing in the woods last night and my uncle leaped out on us. She took fright, is all'. As she says this she is confident and relates the situation with a wicked air of control. This not to say people in Salem do not believe in the supernatural. Although many people in The Crucible believe in witches, many Salem residents simply take advantage of the... ...d but felt very strongly about only taking responsibly directly for his actions and refused to ruin others. He said during his trial 'I could not use the name of another and bring trouble on him… I take the responsibility of everything I have ever done, but I cannot take the responsibility for another human being. Proctor acted very similarly in his trial he said 'I speak my own sins; I cannot judge another'. Proctor and Miller were could see beyond the hysteria concerning ridiculous accusations and were not prepared to betray others to save themselves. In conclusion the Crucible is linked to the play both metaphorically, directly and historically. It is an interesting fact that a crucible is a melting pot especially for metals because the word metals has a homophone, mettle which means natural ardour, spirit, strength or courage. These are some of the qualities John Proctor displays towards the end of the book as his mettle is tested and purified. The title is relevant to most of the themes and issues that the play explores. The title is very effective due the fact it is provocative and encourages one to reflect on the play, its meaning and also its contemporary truth.

The Body Shop Marketing Essay

1) Anita Roddick created the body shop in 1976 with the objective of opening an environmentally conscious cosmetic store. Today, the Body Shop (BS) has grown from being a single â€Å"hippie† store in England to a multinational company with over 2265 stores in 50 countries enjoying sales of ? 820,000 in 2006/2007 period. (mintel 2006) People say that â€Å"one person cannot make a difference† but Anita Roddick proved it wrong by sticking to here ideals and ideas of doing business. This extract from the Body Shop’s mission statement ‘to dedicate our business to the pursuit of social and environmental change’ (www. thebodyshop. co. uk), shows us how she created a new way of dealing with customer needs and wants. She saw it as a better option to put customer and society in the first place and by doing so, gain sales for good conduct. This way of doing business was not only proved to be extremely successful but many marketers followed the BS concepts, attempting to maximise potential profit by imitating Dame Anita Roddick’s set of ideals or values. Throughout this essay, we will investigate how Anita Roddick successfully used marketing tools to promote her chain of shops and her strong principles and see how today’s businesses can follow Roddick’s footsteps in successfully targeting the emergence of new consumer groups in the organic food market. Anita Roddick’s BS has not been an immense success for no reason. An explanation of the BS general success in world markets is that she was one of the pioneers in developing a more ethically based business. We will have a look at how she maximised the 4 P’s (product, place, promotion and price) to promote her chain of shops and strong principles. Product The BS sells and produces cosmetics and toiletries made from natural ingredients all over the world targeting principally women with a medium to high income and with deep social conscience and commitment. Its product range can be divided into eight categories each including a range of quality products. Each body lotion, shampoo, bath & shower gel, etc. comes in different sizes in recycled, recyclable or biodegradable packaging. The Product Life Cycle of the BS is still in the growing stages as competition is still increasing due to an increase in interest in the industry’s potential. Furthermore, the market is continuously evolving as more and more people become more ethically aware. Branding is very important as it differentiates the company from other skincare companies. Anita Roddick managed to create a brand which positioned itself as promoting good environmental ethics at a time where Europe was becoming â€Å"greener†, strongly differentiating itself from companies looking to increase profits at any legal cost to the environment and to society. But since the French cosmetic giant L’Oreal bought the BS, BrandIndex measured a drastic drop in the ratings of BS reputation. Even though, the company promised to keep its ethical cosmetic brand intact, the public’s opinion on the BS did not take long to change. (http://www. brandrepublic. com) Price The Body Shop has been able to set premium prices because of the assumption that people would be willing to pay more for a product which they think is contributing to social and ethical issues. The fact that the BS is involved in issues such as fair trade, animal testing and has strong environmental views gave them the competitive advantage of product differentiation. But since competitors such as Boots or Bath & Bodyworks in the states have started their own natural product range at prices below the BS, profits have decreased in comparison to previous years. From 2002 to 2003 sales grew by only 5% compared with competitors whose sales rose by 27% in the same period. It could also be said that the BS prices are in the mid market pricing range as there are products more expensive such as for example Boots natural-based products but much cheaper than Chanel or Estee Lauder beauty products. Furthermore, the cost of production of the BS products may be higher because of fair trade issues with local communities. But critiques say that the â€Å"Trade not Aid† projects are simply a marketing tool and that not even 1% of the sales go to the projects. (www. mcspotlight. org) Promotion The BS way of advertising has mostly been done through indirect advertising. Indeed, by associating themselves to Greenpeace or the save the whales project or by doing fare trade with indigenous communities for example, journals, newspapers and magazines have written about the company’s products, campaigns and beliefs without the company actually carrying out or spending any money into promotion campaigns. The BS believes that beauty is reality and strongly disagrees on the advertising campaigns trying to glamorise their products – ‘We're saying our products will moisturize, cleanse and polish; they will not perform miracles. (Mrs Galanti, 1997). This was stated in 1997 after the release of a rare mainstream campaign called â€Å"Love your body† due to increased competition in the marketplace. The Body Shop also makes extensive use of its web site, delivery lorries and shop windows to communicate its campaigns and beliefs. Packaging is also a way of promoting a product. By showing consumers that the BS is involved in recycling plast ic bottles used in the packaging of a product for example, it positions itself furthermore in the customers mind as being an environmentally caring organisation. It also tried to push consumers to use refills but the impact of this campaign was minimal. Furthermore the BS also called for more people to recycle their old mobile phone. (Mintel, 2004) Place The BS looks closely at the store location, as customer accessibility to the store is very important. They are usually located on high streets, in department concessions depending on important factors of accessibility such as parking, visibility or even public transport. Stores are usually arranged as a boutique layout with products arranged according to their function. The atmosphere of the BS retail outlets is relaxed and sympathetic, inherent to the overall design of the BS shops. There is plenty of information on ingredients and the origin of the product available to the customer. Furthermore the BS rapid growth and international expansion was helped through franchising. Finally, the rise in demand for ethical products has provided many opportunities for marketers. Dame Anita Roddick, was one of the first to point that out and through product innovation and brand reputation, she managed to build a multinational company from virtually nothing. However, today’s cosmetic market has highly evolved and is far more competitive than it used to be. The challenge for the company is to revitalise its retail outlets, improve their product offer and brand communications in order to grow store sales and invest in employee development and customer service. 2) Markets within an economy rapidly change offering opportunities for companies to increase profit and to expand. The marketer’s job is to react to these changes and put the company in the right direction. The organic food market for example has grown rapidly with consumers increasing spending on â€Å"ethical† food by 800 million to approximately ? 5. 6 billion in 2006 (â€Å"Ethical consumerism report 2006†- Co-operative bank). Furthermore, most developed countries are seeing a rise in organic produce, ‘The organic market has boomed in recent years, growing by 25% annually on average’ – (www. timesonline. co. uk). These figures show us that the organic movement is moving on a global scale with an increase in consumer interest in how and where food is produced. It could be said that the rise in the demand for organic products is due to the rising average age and due to media spotlight. Indeed, media are constantly focusing on the consequences of climate change and on how the earth’s resources are being depleted pushing fellow human beings to act more responsibly and ethically in what food products they buy. This has lead people to believe that by eating organic food, a person will stay healthy – ‘studies in 2006 and 2007 have found higher levels of Vitamin C in organic fruit and 68 per cent higher levels of omega-3 in organic whole milk than non-organic whole milk. (www. bbc. co. uk). On the other hand, with more elderly people in the UK after the baby boom of the early 50’s, the market is likely to see people buying organic/healthy food rather than GM food offering new opportunities to marketers in terms of how to advertise and promote their products. This could be done through promotional campaigns aimed at elde rly people, informing them of the availability of organic food in their respective supermarkets or by associating the organisation to environmentally friendly associations such as Greenpeace and beneficiate of indirect advertising. To be the first to come into a customers mind as being an organisation which cares about the environment would definitely give the company a strong competitive advantage. Two of the major leading supermarkets such as Tesco and Sainsbury have both recognised these changing consumer needs and have introduced organic food and organic policies within their stores – ‘To meet this growing demand Sainsbury’s has re-launched its organic range as Sainsbury’s SO organic and is committed to broadening the appeal of and extending its comprehensive range of organic foods. ’ (www. jsainsburys. co. uk). Additionally, Sainsbury has recently ‘banned the use of palm oil from unsustainable sources in its own-brand products’ which has been argued by Greenpeace as a â€Å"positive first step† towards the end of the destruction of the Indonesian rainforest (www. marketingweek. co. uk). Another way of promoting the organisation could be to introduce fair trade products in our supermarkets aisles. This would not necessarily be done in a profit objective scheme but instead to show customers the organisation’s involvement in helping local communities even though profits could be made if an appropriate marketing strategy was applied. Another important factor to consider is packaging as it can be used for promotional purposes. This could give them an advantage over rival companies that may not sell organic food. Additionally, organisation could also concentrate on creating â€Å"greener friendly† packaging – ‘A UK company has launched a new range of convenience food packs manufactured from biodegradable plastic. ’ – showing their awareness of the influence they have on the environment and their dedication to play a role in conserving the planet. (http://www. foodanddrinkeurope. com). The difficulty for the marketer will be to set attractive and adequate organic packaging at the lowest possible prices. This brings us to price considerations. Organic food is without a doubt more expensive to produce and sell than non-organic food giving the marketer the difficult challenge of setting a competitive price with rivals and at a level that still sees the company being profitable. It is also important that marketers are aware of how much people are willing to pay for organic food in order to maximise profits. Moreover, prices are set to increase as ‘exceptionally high market growth rates are causing demand to outpace supply. (http://www. organicmonitor. com) On the other hand, The Food Standard Agency and scientists still believe that organic food as a whole, is not necessarily healthier for a person than GM food – ‘there is no scientific evidence to suggest organic food is healthier’ (www. guardian. co. uk). Furthermore, Chefs such as Gordon Ra msay argue that organic food is overpriced and questions its authenticity ‘The problem with organic food is that it has become hip and trendy, overhyped, overpriced and inconsistent. Unfortunately there is now a snob factor attached to it. ’ (www. timesonline. co. k) On this point, marketers will have to make sure that they undertake effective advertising campaigns as well as detailed branding and packaging to promote their products as being healthier than other foods in order to maintain high sales. The reason the organic market has grown so much in the last decade is definitely due to a rise in ethical consumerism. Indeed, after some companies were exposed by the media to how they really operated – i. e. illegal sweatshops for example- and the constant media coverage on the damage caused by humans to the earth, saw consumers take a more ethical approach to purchasing. This why it is so important to show consumers that the organisation is active in sustaining the earth and its resources. Today, the image of the company should be of first importance to marketers. Tesco and other supermarkets have already revised their strategy and offer for example to use plastic bags more than once- â€Å"Tesco claimed that shoppers had used one million bags less than they would normally expect. † (www. recycling-guide. org. uk). J Sainsbury’s reacted by cutting back on carbon emissions produced by their outlets- â€Å"We are currently looking at the big picture regarding carbon emissions and the part Sainsbury's play in that. We have been extremely proactive over the last 10 years on all aspects of energy efficiency. † (Alison Austin, 2007). All these supermarket behaviour changes are done in the objective to remain competitive. Marketers understand that if their company is seen to be â€Å"green† then it is likely to be successful in the market. Finally, whichever strategy marketers do choose to adopt, it will eventually determine their level of success in an ever changing society which now focuses on being ethical and more aware of the environment. 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